Who would doubt that it takes two to tango? And certainly hate speech online is no exception to that. Victims and perpetrators are both (voluntarily or not) involved in an interaction that might have serious consequences, for sure though results in significant short- and long-term impact in their lives and the lives of others. Along the way though, different kinds of “guests” might join this tango dance, playing an equally important role in the process: THE WITNESSES.

Are these actors equal? Do they share any similarities? Is it maybe easy to recognize them? And (how) can they be interlinked?

Let’s try to draw their profiles and explore their main characteristics and their most common forms of behavior.